Ranking_programming_languages_by_energy_efficiency_evaluation.ods - the historical and future resource contributions of energy efficiency as compared to other energy resources. Many energy efficiency evaluations are oriented toward developing retrospective estimates of energy savings attributable to a program to demonstrate in regulatory proceedings that public or energy consumer funds were properly and effectively

 
šŸ‘‰ Ranking #programmingLanguages by #energy #efficiency šŸ¤” Impressive work !šŸ‘ ā¬‡ļøā¬‡ļøā¬‡ļø Rui Pereira, et all, Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency, Science of Computer .... Hurry curry of tokyo bellevue

A comprehensive study on the energy efficiency of Java thread-safe collections. In Proceedings of ICSME, 2016. 48. Pinto G., Soares-Neto, F., and Castor, F. Refactoring for energy efficiency: A reflection on the state of the art. In Proceedings of GREENS, 2015. 49. Ribic, H. and Liu, Y.D. Energy-efficient work-stealing language runtimes. Monitor and estimation tool enabled for 2nd Generation IntelĀ® Coreā„¢ processors. IPPET is a prototype power monitoring utility that uses Intel-specific energy MSRs to break down power consumption per process and displays them in real-time on a web browser. PowerTOP is a Linux* tool to diagnose issues with power consumption and power management.The interest towards efficiency as a universal principle has only recently re-emerged due to the development of large, richly annotated corpora, which allow new forms of quantitative cross-linguistic investigation. An important role is also played by cutting-edge statistical methods, which include correlation analysis, regression, and computer ...Ranking. In this ranking, we can see the ā€œgreenestā€ and most efficient languages are: C, C+, Rust, and Java, although this last one shoots the memory usage. From the Paper: Normalized global ...The 14 Best Programming Languages to Learn in 2023. 1. Python. Python is an open-sourced, general-purpose programming language. When it comes to Python applications, you have a lot of choices, as itā€™s widely used for web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, data analysis, and more.The OECD DAC Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) has defined six evaluation criteria ā€“ relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability ā€“ and two principles for their use. These criteria provide a normative framework used to determine the merit or worth of an intervention (policy, strategy, programme ...Aug 24, 2021 Ā· Python dominates as the de facto platform for new technologies. Stephen Cass. 24 Aug 2021. 3 min read. Shutterstock. Learn Python. That's the biggest takeaway we can give you from its continued ... The 14 Best Programming Languages to Learn in 2023. 1. Python. Python is an open-sourced, general-purpose programming language. When it comes to Python applications, you have a lot of choices, as itā€™s widely used for web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, data analysis, and more.The lambda calculus, developed in the 1930s by Alonzo Church, is a formal system of computation built from function application. In 1937 Alan Turing proved that the lambda calculus and Turing machines are equivalent models of computation, [36] showing that the lambda calculus is Turing complete. Lambda calculus forms the basis of all functional ... What the study did is implement 10 benchmark problems in 27 different programming languages and measure execution time, energy consumption, and peak memory use. C and Rust significantly outperformed other languages in energy efficiency. In fact, they were roughly 50% more efficient than Java and 98% more efficient than Python.Speed comparison of programming languages. This projects tries to compare the speed of different programming languages. In this project we don't really care about getting a precise calculation of pi. We only want to see how fast are the programming languages doing. It uses an implementation of the Leibniz formula for Ļ€ to do the comparison.May 10, 2020 Ā· Python vs C++. Python is more memory efficient because of its automatic garbage collection as compared to C++ which does not support garbage collection. Python code is easy to learn, use and write as compare to C++ which is hard to understand and use because of its complex syntax. Python uses an interpreter to execute the code which makes it ... Feb 1, 2023 Ā· Feb 1. This is a blog post-version of the recent live talk of JoĆ£o Saraiva in the clean-IT openXchange series. In his live talk, Saraiva explained the methods and results of their famous study ... Oct 23, 2017 Ā· This paper presents a study of the runtime, memory usage and energy consumption of twenty seven well-known software languages. We monitor the performance of such languages using ten different programming problems, expressed in each of the languages. Our results show interesting findings, such as, slower/faster languages consuming less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy ... Motivation: Even though many studies examine the energy efficiency of hardware and embedded systems, those that investigate the energy consumption of software applications are still limited, and mostly focused on mobile applications. As modern applications become even more complex and heterogeneous a need arises for methods that can accurately assess their energy consumption. Goal: Measure the ...Java usage is widespread, with companies such as Google, Netflix, Uber, and Spotify using the language. Growing in popularity at a rate of 155%, Java is likely to retain its number one position for the foreseeable future. #2. Python. What this language is used for: Web development.described in Section 2.2) to analyze the energy efficiency of 27 languages and (almost) 270 programs. We have also extended it in order to monitor memory consumption, as well. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 exposes the detailed steps of our methodology to measure and compare energy efficiency in software languages, followed by a pre-Guidebook for Energy Efficiency Evaluation, Measurement & Verification (EM&V Guidebook) to help state, local, and tribal air and energy officialsā€”as well as key stakeholders such as utility EE implementersā€”take steps to learn about, establish, or refine their EM&V approaches. 1.1.1. Use by Air Officials Our default ranking is weighted toward the interests of an IEEE member, and looking at the top entries, we see that Python has held onto its comfortable lead, with Java and C once again coming in ...Overviews of the energy efficiency programs reviewed for this chapter are provided in Table 6-2 and 6-3. Key findings drawn from these programs include: ā€¢ Energy efficiency resources are being acquired on averĀ­ age at about one-half the cost of the typical new power sources, and about one-third of the cost of natĀ­Oct 25, 2021 Ā· However, the question is hard to answer as many factors creep while measuring power consumption. This includes the quality of the compiler, libraries used, etc. However, the researchers were able to separate energy use by CPU or DRAM utilisation, determining that the CPU consumed the majority of power, about 88.94% on average, and the remaining ... RedMonk uses a blend of data from GitHub and Stack Overflow to come up with its semi-annual language rankings. The top 10 languages in RedMonk's latest rankings are: JavaScript. Python. Java. PHP ...Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency R Pereira, M Couto, F Ribeiro, R Rua, J Cunha, JP Fernandes, J Saraiva Science of Computer Programming, 102609 , 2021 Algorithmic efficiency. In computer science, algorithmic efficiency is a property of an algorithm which relates to the amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analyzed to determine its resource usage, and the efficiency of an algorithm can be measured based on the usage of different resources.Most startups use Python-based backend frameworks such as Django (Python), Flask (Python), and NodeJS (JavaScript). These languages are also considered to be the best programming languages to learn for beginners. Below is a list of the most popular and best programming languages that will be in demand in 2023. 1.After two years in second place, C has finally edged out Java for the top spot. Staying in the top five, Python has swapped places with C++ to take the No. 3 position, and C# has fallen out of the ...May 20, 2018 Ā· For example, overall the C language turned out to be the fastest and also the most energy efficient. But in the benchmark test which involved scanning a DNA database for a particular genetic sequence, Rust was the most energy-efficient ā€” while C came in third. Nov 2, 2022 Ā· The idea transmuted over to software programming languagesā€”surely a faster language was a greener one, the logic went. That all changed in 2017 thanks to a group of researchers in Portugal who use whatā€™s called the Computer Language Benchmarks Game (CLBG) as a way of ranking software languages in terms of energy efficiency. This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their eļ¬ƒciency, including from an energetic point-of-view. Indeed, we seek to establish and analyze diļ¬€erent rankings for programming languages based on their energy eļ¬ƒciency. Guidebook for Energy Efficiency Evaluation, Measurement & Verification (EM&V Guidebook) to help state, local, and tribal air and energy officialsā€”as well as key stakeholders such as utility EE implementersā€”take steps to learn about, establish, or refine their EM&V approaches. 1.1.1. Use by Air Officials The OECD DAC Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) has defined six evaluation criteria ā€“ relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability ā€“ and two principles for their use. These criteria provide a normative framework used to determine the merit or worth of an intervention (policy, strategy, programme ...Python vs C++. Python is more memory efficient because of its automatic garbage collection as compared to C++ which does not support garbage collection. Python code is easy to learn, use and write as compare to C++ which is hard to understand and use because of its complex syntax. Python uses an interpreter to execute the code which makes it ...Jul 22, 2020 Ā· Our default ranking is weighted toward the interests of an IEEE member, and looking at the top entries, we see that Python has held onto its comfortable lead, with Java and C once again coming in ... May 1, 2021 Ā· Request PDF | Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency | This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their efficiency, including from an energetic point-of-view. This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their e ciency, including from an energetic point-of-view. Indeed, we seek to estab-lish and analyze di erent rankings for programming languages based on their energy e ciency. The goal of being able to rank programming languages based This table is an extract from a 2017 scientific article, Energy Efficiency Across Programming Languages, and it makes sense: compiled languages like C or C++ are fast and energy efficient while ...Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency - ScienceDirect Science of Computer Programming Volume 205, 1 May 2021, 102609 Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency Pereira a b , Marco Couto c b , Francisco Ribeiro c b , Rua c b , JĆ”come Cunha c b , JoĆ£o Paulo Fernandes d , JoĆ£o Saraiva c b Add to MendeleyJun 9, 2015 Ā· What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ... #software: the choice of language is not without consequences A study place in order C, Pascal, Ada as the least energy consuming https://lnkd.in/eFUyvZvX byā€¦Monitor and estimation tool enabled for 2nd Generation IntelĀ® Coreā„¢ processors. IPPET is a prototype power monitoring utility that uses Intel-specific energy MSRs to break down power consumption per process and displays them in real-time on a web browser. PowerTOP is a Linux* tool to diagnose issues with power consumption and power management.Feb 21, 2023 Ā· Because 8-bit floating-point operations are about 30 times as energy efficient as 64-bit ones, makers of GPUs and other AI accelerator chips have been seeking ways to use such lower-precision ... The big fiveā€”Java, C, C++, Python, and C#ā€”remain on top, with their ranking undisturbed, but C has edged to within a whisper of knocking Java off the top spot. The big mover is R, a ...This is the continuation of this 2017 paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320436353_Energy_efficiency_across_programming_languages_how_do_energy_time_and_memory_relate There are new measurements and evaluations based on CLBG (as before), but now also based on Rosetta Code. Energy efficiency across programming languages: how do energy, time, and memory relate? Authors: Rui Pereira , Marco Couto , Francisco Ribeiro , Rui Rua , JĆ”come Cunha , JoĆ£o Paulo Fernandes , JoĆ£o Saraiva Authors Info & ClaimsA comprehensive study on the energy efficiency of Java thread-safe collections. In Proceedings of ICSME, 2016. 48. Pinto G., Soares-Neto, F., and Castor, F. Refactoring for energy efficiency: A reflection on the state of the art. In Proceedings of GREENS, 2015. 49. Ribic, H. and Liu, Y.D. Energy-efficient work-stealing language runtimes.Aug 16, 2022 Ā· Broad adoption of Rust could reduce energy consumption of compute demands by a conservatively estimated 50%, Amazon wrote. Rust delivers the energy efficiency of the C programming language ... About this report. Energy Efficiency 2021 is the IEAā€™s annual update on global developments in energy efficiency. This yearā€™s edition explores recent trends in energy efficiency markets at the economy-wide and sectoral levels, including developments in policy and investment. The report also focuses on the role of energy efficiency in ...7. C#. For the last many years, C# is holding a good position in the list of top programming languages of almost every index. The language is ranked at 4th and 5th position at TIOBE and PYPL index respectively. On GitHub Language Rankings, it holds a place at the #5 position consistently for the last two years.What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ...Feb 21, 2022 Ā· Datacenters make up 1% of the world's energy consumption, amounting to about 200 terawatt hours of energy a day, and the programming languages used can also impact energy consumption. Datacenters make up 1% of the world's energy consumption, amounting to about 200 terawatt hours of energy a day, and the programming languages used can also impact energy consumption.What the study did is implement 10 benchmark problems in 27 different programming languages and measure execution time, energy consumption, and peak memory use. C and Rust significantly outperformed other languages in energy efficiency. In fact, they were roughly 50% more efficient than Java and 98% more efficient than Python.Aug 29, 2023 Ā· Most startups use Python-based backend frameworks such as Django (Python), Flask (Python), and NodeJS (JavaScript). These languages are also considered to be the best programming languages to learn for beginners. Below is a list of the most popular and best programming languages that will be in demand in 2023. 1. šŸ‘‰ Ranking #programmingLanguages by #energy #efficiency šŸ¤” Impressive work !šŸ‘ ā¬‡ļøā¬‡ļøā¬‡ļø Rui Pereira, et all, Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency, Science of Computer ...Python is a relatively new programming language, first introduced in 1989, that has surged in popularity with the emergence of new fields of application. It is an interpreted language that supports automatic memory management and object-oriented programming. It heavily prioritizes developer experience.Notably, the energy consumption does vary by factors up to 80 between programming languages. On average, C and Rust programs are the most energy efficient. Java programs consume about 2 times more energy than C programs. JavaScript/TypeScript programs consume between 4 to 20 times more energy than C programs.Energy efficiency across programming languages: how do energy, time, and memory relate? Authors: Rui Pereira , Marco Couto , Francisco Ribeiro , Rui Rua , JĆ”come Cunha , JoĆ£o Paulo Fernandes , JoĆ£o Saraiva Authors Info & ClaimsSep 12, 2018 Ā· Depending on which factors are important for your project you will get a different ranking of possible languages for your project. Conclusion. There is no singular good way to rank programming languages. However whenever you encounter a list or ranking of programming languages just be aware of what techniques they used to create the list. Feb 24, 2014 Ā· Computer programming is the core of computer science curriculum. Several programming languages have been used to teach the first course in computer programming, and such languages are referred to as first programming language (FPL). The pool of programming languages has been evolving with the development of new languages, and from this pool different languages have been used as FPL at ... May 1, 2021 Ā· Request PDF | Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency | This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their efficiency, including from an energetic point-of-view. Aug 29, 2023 Ā· This year, Python doesnā€™t just remain No. 1 in our general ā€œSpectrumā€ rankingā€”which is weighted to reflect the interests of the typical IEEE memberā€”but it widens its lead. Pythonā€™s ... Most popular programming languages to learn in 2023. The following list outlines a few of the most popular programming languages among software developers worldwide [ 2 ]. 1. JavaScript. According to a study by Statista, JavaScript is the most popular language to learn. JavaScript (JS) is a scripting language used to make websites and mobile ...Jun 9, 2015 Ā· What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ... Because 8-bit floating-point operations are about 30 times as energy efficient as 64-bit ones, makers of GPUs and other AI accelerator chips have been seeking ways to use such lower-precision ...Overviews of the energy efficiency programs reviewed for this chapter are provided in Table 6-2 and 6-3. Key findings drawn from these programs include: ā€¢ Energy efficiency resources are being acquired on averĀ­ age at about one-half the cost of the typical new power sources, and about one-third of the cost of natĀ­ Feb 1, 2023 Ā· Feb 1. This is a blog post-version of the recent live talk of JoĆ£o Saraiva in the clean-IT openXchange series. In his live talk, Saraiva explained the methods and results of their famous study ... Oct 25, 2021 Ā· However, the question is hard to answer as many factors creep while measuring power consumption. This includes the quality of the compiler, libraries used, etc. However, the researchers were able to separate energy use by CPU or DRAM utilisation, determining that the CPU consumed the majority of power, about 88.94% on average, and the remaining ... Aug 9, 2021 Ā· RedMonk uses a blend of data from GitHub and Stack Overflow to come up with its semi-annual language rankings. The top 10 languages in RedMonk's latest rankings are: JavaScript. Python. Java. PHP ... Monitor and estimation tool enabled for 2nd Generation IntelĀ® Coreā„¢ processors. IPPET is a prototype power monitoring utility that uses Intel-specific energy MSRs to break down power consumption per process and displays them in real-time on a web browser. PowerTOP is a Linux* tool to diagnose issues with power consumption and power management.https://lnkd.in/d8V5DuX4. Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency sciencedirect.comThis report presents the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Program (EEP). This evaluation was conducted as specified in Natural Resources Canadaā€™s (NRCan) Joint Audit and Evaluation Plan 2018-2021, and in accordance with the Treasury Board Policy on Results (2016).Motivation: Even though many studies examine the energy efficiency of hardware and embedded systems, those that investigate the energy consumption of software applications are still limited, and mostly focused on mobile applications. As modern applications become even more complex and heterogeneous a need arises for methods that can accurately assess their energy consumption. Goal: Measure the ...Speed comparison of programming languages. This projects tries to compare the speed of different programming languages. In this project we don't really care about getting a precise calculation of pi. We only want to see how fast are the programming languages doing. It uses an implementation of the Leibniz formula for Ļ€ to do the comparison. Such tables illustrate that languages like C, Rust, C++, Pascal, and others are the most eco-friendly and consume the least energy. However, little is shown about how these rankings were produced.Oct 25, 2021 Ā· However, the question is hard to answer as many factors creep while measuring power consumption. This includes the quality of the compiler, libraries used, etc. However, the researchers were able to separate energy use by CPU or DRAM utilisation, determining that the CPU consumed the majority of power, about 88.94% on average, and the remaining ... Developed at Google in 2007, Go is a top-tier programming language. What makes Go really shine is its efficiency; it is capable of executing several processes concurrently. And as far as programming languages go, it has an extensive ā€œvocabulary,ā€ meaning it can display more information than other languages.May 20, 2018 Ā· For example, overall the C language turned out to be the fastest and also the most energy efficient. But in the benchmark test which involved scanning a DNA database for a particular genetic sequence, Rust was the most energy-efficient ā€” while C came in third. The OECD DAC Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) has defined six evaluation criteria ā€“ relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability ā€“ and two principles for their use. These criteria provide a normative framework used to determine the merit or worth of an intervention (policy, strategy, programme ... Oct 25, 2021 Ā· However, the question is hard to answer as many factors creep while measuring power consumption. This includes the quality of the compiler, libraries used, etc. However, the researchers were able to separate energy use by CPU or DRAM utilisation, determining that the CPU consumed the majority of power, about 88.94% on average, and the remaining ... Datacenters make up 1% of the world's energy consumption, amounting to about 200 terawatt hours of energy a day, and the programming languages used can also impact energy consumption.May 10, 2020 Ā· Python vs C++. Python is more memory efficient because of its automatic garbage collection as compared to C++ which does not support garbage collection. Python code is easy to learn, use and write as compare to C++ which is hard to understand and use because of its complex syntax. Python uses an interpreter to execute the code which makes it ... May 1, 2021 Ā· Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption. Feb 1. This is a blog post-version of the recent live talk of JoĆ£o Saraiva in the clean-IT openXchange series. In his live talk, Saraiva explained the methods and results of their famous study ...

Haskell (/ Ėˆ h Ʀ s k əl /) is a general-purpose, statically-typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. [26] [27] Designed for teaching, research, and industrial applications, Haskell has pioneered a number of programming language features such as type classes , which enable type-safe operator .... How to tell if it

ranking_programming_languages_by_energy_efficiency_evaluation.ods

About this report. Energy Efficiency 2021 is the IEAā€™s annual update on global developments in energy efficiency. This yearā€™s edition explores recent trends in energy efficiency markets at the economy-wide and sectoral levels, including developments in policy and investment. The report also focuses on the role of energy efficiency in ...The OECD DAC Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) has defined six evaluation criteria ā€“ relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability ā€“ and two principles for their use. These criteria provide a normative framework used to determine the merit or worth of an intervention (policy, strategy, programme ...Most startups use Python-based backend frameworks such as Django (Python), Flask (Python), and NodeJS (JavaScript). These languages are also considered to be the best programming languages to learn for beginners. Below is a list of the most popular and best programming languages that will be in demand in 2023. 1.On IEEE Spectrum 's Fixing the Future podcast, our editors talk with the brightest minds in technology about concrete solutions to big challenges. The lambda calculus, developed in the 1930s by Alonzo Church, is a formal system of computation built from function application. In 1937 Alan Turing proved that the lambda calculus and Turing machines are equivalent models of computation, [36] showing that the lambda calculus is Turing complete. Lambda calculus forms the basis of all functional ...Jun 9, 2015 Ā· What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ... Feb 21, 2022 Ā· Datacenters make up 1% of the world's energy consumption, amounting to about 200 terawatt hours of energy a day, and the programming languages used can also impact energy consumption. This is the continuation of this 2017 paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320436353_Energy_efficiency_across_programming_languages_how_do_energy_time_and_memory_relate There are new measurements and evaluations based on CLBG (as before), but now also based on Rosetta Code.Aug 16, 2022 Ā· Broad adoption of Rust could reduce energy consumption of compute demands by a conservatively estimated 50%, Amazon wrote. Rust delivers the energy efficiency of the C programming language ... May 5, 2021 Ā· Using concepts from economics, efficiency can also be defined as the maximization of the benefit-to-cost ratio. Although communication can bring diverse benefits (social status, aesthetic pleasure, etc.), the main focus of most current studies on efficiency is on the successful transfer of information through a noisy communication channel, which is studied from an information theoretic ... Towards a Green Ranking for Programming Languages. In Programming Languages: 21st Brazilian Symposium, SBLP 2017, Fortaleza, Brazil, September, 2017. Google Scholar Digital Library; Luis Cruz and Rui Abreu. 2017. Performance-based Guidelines for Energy Efficient Mobile Applications.1.4.2 Programming Method(ologie)s: Advances in methods of programming also have influenced language design, of course. Refinements in thinking about flow of control led to better language constructs for selection (i.e., if statements) and loops that force the programmer to be disciplined in the use of jumps/branching (by hiding them). For you programming purists out there, here is an interesting white paper on the runtime energy efficiency of various programming languages. https://lnkd.in/dcMSsjKe People wonder why languages ... In this ranking, we can see the ā€œgreenestā€ and most efficient programming languages are: C, C+, Rust, and Java, although this last one shoots the memory usage. Energy: From this table, it is ...Programming languages have a powerful role to develop and implement highly effective programs and systems. Energy consumption is becoming a key criterion when choosing programming languages instead of fast execution. Five papers and five popular programming languages (Haskell, Java, C#, JavaScript, and PHP) were reviewed, to answer whether the fastBecause 8-bit floating-point operations are about 30 times as energy efficient as 64-bit ones, makers of GPUs and other AI accelerator chips have been seeking ways to use such lower-precision ...Motivation: Even though many studies examine the energy efficiency of hardware and embedded systems, those that investigate the energy consumption of software applications are still limited, and mostly focused on mobile applications. As modern applications become even more complex and heterogeneous a need arises for methods that can accurately assess their energy consumption. Goal: Measure the ...Here are the metrics we use to build an overall ranking of programming language popularity. The IEEE Spectrum Top Programming Languages app synthesizes 11 metrics from eight sources to arrive at ....

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